Fork-First Fertility
EVIDENCE-BASED

References & Resources

Hundreds of peer-reviewed studies and published texts show that what you eat directly impacts fertility outcomes. Here are the references and resources that support the Fork-First approach.

J S
"Moderate vitamin D deficiency did not associate with nor exacerbate insulin resistance, androgen levels, inflammation or cardiovascular risk indices in women with PCOS, suggesting that a prospective study on vitamin D deficiency to confirm non-causality is required."

Vitamin D deficiency effects on cardiovascular parameters in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology, 2021

Butler AE, Dargham SR, Abouseif A et al.

J P
"Women's fertility was positively impacted by fruit and vegetable intake, moderate physical activity, and adequate sleep but negatively impacted by obesity and mental stress."

The impact of modifiable lifestyle factors on women's fertility

JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 2024

Shujaat T, Ahmed Z, Liaqat S

Arc
"Fast foods and saturated fats were significantly associated with lower AMH concentrations and modifying the amount of these dietary components may be an important strategy for increasing the reservation of ovaries in women."

The association between the levels of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and dietary intake in Iranian women

Archives of gynecology and obstetrics, 2021

KaboodMehri R, Sorouri ZZ, Sharami SH et al.

Lip
"The follicular fluid of women in the treatment group contained significantly higher amounts of EPA and DHA compared to the control group, while the omega-6 fatty acids linoleic, γ-linolenic, dihomo-γ-linolenic, and arachidonic were lower."

The Fatty Acid Composition of Human Follicular Fluid Is Altered by a 6-Week Dietary Intervention That Includes Marine Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Lipids, 2021

Kermack AJ, Wellstead SJ, Fisk HL et al.

Fro
"Results showed diet significantly related to improved fertility outcomes (increasing clinical pregnancy, ovulation and menstrual regularity rate; reducing miscarriage rate), reproductive endocrine [increasing sex hormone-binding globulin; decreasing Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH), free androgen index (FAI), total testosterone (T)] and clinical hyperandrogenism (hirsutism assessed by Ferriman-Gallwey score) in PCOS."

Dietary Modification for Reproductive Health in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Frontiers in endocrinology, 2021

Shang Y, Zhou H, He R et al.

Fer
"The current evidence suggests that greater weight loss and increase in clinical pregnancy, live birth, and natural conception rates after lifestyle intervention compared with no intervention were observed, but it seems no beneficial effect of lifestyle intervention preceding ART was observed on these parameters."

Effects of preconception weight loss after lifestyle intervention on fertility outcomes and pregnancy complications

Fertility and sterility, 2022

Hoek A, Wang Z, van Oers AM et al.

Phy

Palmitic acid enhances the sensitivity of ferroptosis via endoplasmic reticulum stress mediated the ATF4/TXNIP Axis in polycystic ovary syndrome

Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology, 2025

Zhang X, Liu J, Bai C et al.

J H
"A positive association between a pro-inflammatory diet and self-reported infertility was detected."

Association between dietary inflammatory index and self-reported female infertility from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2020

Journal of human nutrition and dietetics : the official journal of the British Dietetic Association, 2024

Lu J, Tang J, Zou Y et al.

Rep
"BMI was highly associated with and predicted IVF failure."

The impact of obesogenic disturbances on in vitro fertilization outcomes in a Mexican population

Reproduction, fertility, and development, 2025

Reyes-Albarracín Y, Porchia LM, Gonzalez-Mejia ME et al.

Fer
"Our findings emphasize the need for sensitivity in weight management counseling and addressing psychological distress to prevent unfavorable eating in this population."

Women with polycystic ovary syndrome are at risk of emotional and uncontrolled eating at midlife

Fertility and sterility, 2025

Pesonen E, Nurkkala M, Ollila MM et al.

Nut
"In the very-low-calorie diet arm, 18% had a biochemical remission of PCOS; this was not the case for any of the participants in the energy deficit arm."

The Effect of a Very-Low-Calorie Diet (VLCD) vs. a Moderate Energy Deficit Diet in Obese Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)-A Randomised Controlled Trial

Nutrients, 2023

Deshmukh H, Papageorgiou M, Wells L et al.

Vop
"Vitamin D affects not only bone-mineral homeostasis, but also many organs and tissues, including the reproductive system, namely the ovaries, uterus, placental tissue, pituitary gland and male reproductive organs."

[Oxylipins - biologically active substances of food]

Voprosy pitaniia, 2021

Kupina AD, Petrov YA

Foo
"This study presents compelling evidence to substantiate the link between diverse fatty acids, particularly omega-6 PUFAs, and the risk of female infertility."

Association between fatty acids and female infertility

Food & function, 2025

Yang Q, Tao J, Jia S et al.

Rep
"It is unknown whether administration of a low fat eating plan, regardless of weight loss, will improve reproductive axis function in women with obesity."

Acceptability and Feasibility of Initiating a Low Fat Eating Plan in Reproductive Aged Women with Obesity

Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.), 2024

Santoro N, Hendricks N, Gibbs L et al.

Nut
"The consumption of fruits, vegetables (not cruciferous), dairy products, fish, potatoes, legumes, vitamins (A, C, D and B12), monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids and minerals (calcium, potassium and magnesium) seems to reduce the risk of endometriosis."

[The importance of nutrition in the prevention of endometriosis - Systematic review]

Nutricion hospitalaria, 2024

Zaragoza-Martí A, Cabrera-González K, Martín-Manchado L et al.

J C
"These findings suggest after low GL diet habituation, a low GL meal reduces ghrelin and increases glucagon in women with PCOS."

Changes in Ghrelin and Glucagon following a Low Glycemic Load Diet in Women with PCOS

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2021

Hoover SE, Gower BA, Cedillo YE et al.

Gyn
"Among the natural polyphenolic compounds, resveratrol (RES) is known for reducing the effects of declining reproductive power through resisting senility, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory, while the molecular mechanism of RES in human ovaries is unclear."

Resveratrol improves ovarian state by inhibiting apoptosis of granulosa cells

Gynecological endocrinology : the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology, 2023

Liang Y, Xu ML, Gao X et al.

Br
"The data suggest that supplementation of n-3 fatty acids could reduce the inflammatory state in women with PCOS."

Influence of n-3 fatty acid supplementation on inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome

The British journal of nutrition, 2021

Tosatti JAG, Alves MT, Cândido AL et al.

Fro
"The study found that a higher oxidative balance score is associated with a lower prevalence of female infertility."

Association between oxidative balance score and female infertility from the national health and nutrition examination survey 2013-2018

Frontiers in endocrinology, 2024

Su Z, Ding P, Su W et al.

J O
"Selenium intake regulated the association between infertility and depressive symptoms."

The moderating effect of dietary selenium intake on the risk of infertility-associated depressive symptoms in female

The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research, 2024

Wang Z, Xiao T, Qi G

Hum
"Though BMI remains a predictor of fertility outcomes, alternative markers of adiposity, such as percent body fat, provide distinct information and may be more strongly associated with outcomes than BMI."

Association between markers of female adiposity and live birth among patients undergoing fertility treatment or attempting unassisted conception

Human reproduction (Oxford, England), 2025

Lee IT, Barnhart KT, Hwang WT et al.

Int
"In addition, it induces a reduction in androgenic production, whereas the contextual reduction of fat mass reduced the acyclic production of estrogens deriving from the aromatization in the adipose tissue of the androgenic excess, with an improvement of the LH/FSH ratio."

Effects of Mixed of a Ketogenic Diet in Overweight and Obese Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

International journal of environmental research and public health, 2021

Cincione RI, Losavio F, Ciolli F et al.

Wei
"The energy supply ratio of fat was positively correlated with the risk of PCOS, while the energy supply ratio of monosaturated fatty acids and the energy supply ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids were negatively correlated with the risk of PCOS."

[Association between dietary fat intake and risk of polycystic ovary syndrome]

Wei sheng yan jiu = Journal of hygiene research, 2024

Zhang X, Wang C, Cheng J et al.

Ann
"vitamin D may minimize the risk of female infertility and may be related to the seasons and age."

Factors influencing vitamin D levels in women attending the fertility clinic and the effect on assisted fertility outcomes

Annals of palliative medicine, 2021

Wang X, Zhao S, Zhou M et al.